In the past few decades, there has been an increasing effort in exploring OEOs in various fields. The authors analyzed in detail the operation of the long fiber-based oscillator and also introduced the acronym “OEO.” by introducing a long low-loss fiber delay line as the energy storage element, which provided the most attractive high-quality-factor feature of modern OEOs. Maleki, “ Converting light into spectrally pure microwave oscillation,” Opt. Maleki, “ Optoelectronic microwave oscillator,” J. Maleki, “ Optoelectronic oscillator for photonic systems,” IEEE J. Maleki, “ High frequency optical subcarrier generator,” Electron. A conceptual breakthrough of the OEO was achieved by Yao and Maleki 1–4 1. The feedback paths were relatively short in the early versions of OEOs. Kersten, “ Ein optisches nachrichtensystem mit bauelementen der integrierten optik für die übertragung hoher bitraten,” Arch. Ten years later, the concept of an electro-optical oscillator was proposed by Kersten, 10 10. where optoelectronic feedback loops were used to achieve stable mode-locking. Huggett, “ Modelocking of CW lasers by regenerative RF feedback,” Appl. Early versions of OEOs can be dated back to 1968 in a study of mode-locked lasers, 9 9. Hao et al., “ Recent advances in optoelectronic oscillators,” Adv. Larger, “ Optoelectronic oscillators with time-delayed feedback,” Rev. Maleki, “ The opto-electronic oscillator (OEO): Review and recent progress,” in European Frequency and Time Forum ( IEEE, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2012), pp. Maleki, “ The optoelectronic oscillator,” Nat. The output electrical signal of the photodetector (PD) is transmitted back to the modulator to form a closed optoelectronic feedback loop in the OEO cavity, and microwave oscillations arise from the noise when the loop gain exceeds the loss. We first discuss the basic principle and the key phase noise property of OEOs and then focus on its developments in spectrally pure low phase noise signal generation and mode control methods, its chip-scale integration, and its applications in various fields.Īn optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is a hybrid microwave and photonic system capable of producing self-sustained microwave oscillations when modulated light waves from a modulator fall on a photodetector. This Tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the developments of OEOs. Moreover, OEOs have also been used for sensing, computing, and signal processing. With the rapid development of photonic integration technologies, prototypes of integrated OEOs have been demonstrated with compact size and low power consumption. Multiple oscillation mode control methods have been proposed in recent years to obtain different kinds of microwave signals. Different OEO architectures have been proposed to generate spectrally pure single-frequency microwave signals with ultra-low phase noise. An optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is a paradigmatic microwave photonic oscillator that produces microwave signals with ultra-low phase noise, thanks to the high-quality-factor of the OEO cavity that is achieved with the help of optical energy storage elements, such as low-loss optical fiber or a high-quality-factor optical resonator. Microwave photonic approaches for the generation of microwave signals have attracted substantial attention in recent years, thanks to the significant advantages brought by photonics technology, such as high frequency, large bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
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